Heterogenization of the Evaluation
A Cultural Response to the Challenges of Post-Truth in Development Aid in Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18357/cjpe.2026.40.1.1227Keywords:
Heterogenization, Evaluation, Post-truth, Africa, EpistemologyAbstract
In the context of development aid in Africa, evaluative practices face a tension between Western norms and African epistemic legitimacy, complicated by post-truth dynamics. This research examines how heterogenization, by merging international standards and endogenous epistemologies, can address the colonial legacy and the information crisis. The study employs a theoretical approach combining postcolonial epistemology and co-construction of knowledge, relying on the African Evaluation Principles (AEP) and participatory evaluation initiatives. Results indicate that integrating local knowledge and increasing transparency enhance the credibility of evaluations while minimizing information manipulation. However, challenges persist, such as the risk of cultural essentialization and dependence on funders. Despite these issues, heterogenization presents a promising path for emancipatory evaluations, requiring intercultural and technological reforms.
References
Association Africaine d’Évaluation. (2021). Principes africains d’évaluation. https://afrea.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/The-African-Evaluation-Principles.pdf
Banégas, R., Brisset-Foucault, F., & Cutolo, A. (2012). Espaces publics de la parole et pratiques de la citoyenneté en Afrique. Politique Africaine, 127(3), 5. https://doi.org/10.3917/polaf.127.0005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/polaf.127.0005
Barros, S. R., & De Oliveira, L. C. (2022). Paulo Freire and multilingual education : theoretical approaches, methodologies, and empirical analyses in language and literacy (First edition). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003175728 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003175728
Bennett, W. L., & Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317
BT Africa Team. (2018). Baraza. https://beautifultrouble.org/toolbox/fr/tool/baraza
Calas, B. (2020). Les grands écarts du développement au Kenya. In M.-A. Fouéré, M.-E. Pommerolle, & C. Thibon (éds.), Le Kenya en marche, 2000-2020. Nairobi: Africae. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.africae.2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.africae.2022
Cameron, D. B., Mishra, A., & Brown, A. N. (2016). The growth of impact evaluation for international development: How much have we learned? Journal of Development Effectiveness, 8(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2015.1034156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2015.1034156
Chilisa, B. (2015). A Synthesis Paper on the Made in Africa Evaluation Concept Commissioned by African Evaluation Association (AfrEA). https://africasocialwork.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/MAE2-Final-31st-august-1.pdf
Chilisa, B. M. (2024). Embedding evaluation theory on African philosophies: An asset to evaluation transformation. African Evaluation Journal / Journal Africain d’Évaluation, 12(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4102/aej.v12i2.735 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/AEJ.v12i2.735
Chouinard, J. A., & Cousins, B. (2018). Le croisement des approches évaluatives axées sur la participation et la culture. In M. Hurteau, I. Bourgeois, & S. Houle (Eds.), L’évaluation de programme axée sur la rencontre des acteurs: Une sagesse pratique (1st ed., pp. 113–130). Presses de l’Université du Québec. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvggx3h4.13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9782760550506-011
Chouinard, J. A., & Milley, P. (2018). Uncovering the mysteries of inclusion: Empirical and methodological possibilities in participatory evaluation in an international context. Evaluation and Program Planning, 67, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2017.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2017.12.001
Cousin, G., & Mast, M. S. (2010). Les médecins hommes et femmes interagissent de manière différente avec leurs patients : Pourquoi s’en préoccuper ? Revue Médicale Suisse, 6(257), 1444–1447. DOI: 10.53738/REVMED.2010.6.257.1444 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53738/REVMED.2010.6.257.1444
Dagenais, C., & Ridde, V. (2012). Approches et pratiques en évaluation de programmes (Nouv. éd. rev. et augm). Presses de l’Université de Montréal. https://www.deslibris.ca/ID/445849 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pum.5959
DAI. (s.d.). Malawi—Feed the Future Integrating Nutrition into Value Chains. https://www.dai.com/our-work/projects/malawi-feed-the-future-integrating-nutrition-into-value-chains
Deléage, J.-P. (2018). Bruno Latour. Où atterrir ? Comment s’orienter en politique. La Découverte, Paris, 2017. Écologie & Politique, 56(1), 179c–191c. https://doi.org/10.3917/ecopo1.056.0179c DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/ecopo1.056.0179c
Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S., Giardina, M. D., & Cannella, G. S. (2024). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (Sixth Edition). SAGE.
de Rosa, A. S., Mannarini, T., de Montes, L. G., Holman, A., Lauri, M. A., Negura, L., Giacomozzi, A. I., Bousfield, A. B. D. S., Justo, A. M., de Alba, M., Seidmann, S., Permanadeli, R., Sitto, K., & Lubinga, E. (2021). Sense making processes and social representations of covid-19 in multi-voiced public discourse: Illustrative examples of institutional and media communication in ten countries. Community Psychology in Global Perspective., 7(1), 13-53.
Desrosiers, M.-E., & Swedlund, H. J. (2019). Rwanda’s post-genocide foreign aid relations: Revisiting notions of exceptionalism. African Affairs, 118(472), 435–462. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ady032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ady032
Douglas, M. (2003). Essays on the Sociology of Perception (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi-org.acces.bibl.ulaval.ca/10.4324/9781315888866
Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (STU-Student edition). Princeton University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7rtgw
Ferguson, J. (1994). Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. University of Minnesota Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctv12sdwqn
Fetterman, D. M. (2001). Foundations of empowerment evaluation. Sage.
Gergen, K. J. (2009). La relation comme action collaborative. Nouvelles perspectives en sciences sociales, 5(1), 21–24. https://doi.org/10.7202/038618ar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/038618ar
Hunt Allcott, & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2023). Financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2023. The National Treasury and Economic Planning. https://www.treasury.go.ke/sites/default/files/financial%20statements/Kenya-National-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022_2023.pdf
Kidd, I.J., Medina, J., & Pohlhaus, Jr., G. (Eds.). (2017). The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Injustice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315212043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315212043
Kusek, J. Z., Rist, R. C., & Banque mondiale. (2004). Ten steps to a results-based monitoring and evaluation system : a handbook for development practitioners. World Bank. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/toolkits/derec/evaluation-reports/derec/worldbankgroup/35281194.pdf
La Presse. (2016, 16 novembre). « Post-vérité », le mot de l’année selon le dictionnaire Oxford. https://www.lapresse.ca/international/201611/16/01-5041850-post-verite-le-mot-de-lannee-selon-le-dictionnaire-oxford.php
Latour, B. (2017). Où atterrir ? Comment s'orienter en politique. La Découverte.
Mbava, N. P., & Rabie, B. (2018). Strengthening impact evaluations in the South African National evaluation system. Administratio Publica, 26(4), 74-98. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/ejc-adminpub-v26-n4-a6
Mbembe, A. (2024). On the Postcolony - Preface and Foreword. Wits University Press. https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/14814
McIntyre, L. C. (2018). Post-truth. MIT Press. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1710727 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11483.001.0001
Mignolo, W. D. (2011). The Darker Side of Western Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822394501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv125jqbw
Morris, R. C. (2010). Can the subaltern speak? : reflections on the history of an idea. Columbia University Press.
Mwangi, J.W., Kamau, P.N., & Ouna, T. (2020). LOCAL PERCEPTIONS OF DROUGHTS AND CONFLICTS IN LAIKIPIA WEST SUB– COUNTY, KENYA. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 9, 24-39.
Ofir, Z. (2013). Strengthening Evaluation for Development. American Journal of Evaluation, 34(4), 582–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214013497531 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214013497531
Ofir, Z. (2018). Made in Africa Evaluation 1. The beginning. http://zendaofir.com/made-africa-evaluation-part-1/
Olivier de Sardan, J.-P. (2015). Les enjeux scientifiques et politiques d’une anthropologie des politiques publiques. Antropologia pubblica, 1(1-2), 7-21. https://www.berose.fr/IMG/pdf/jp_olivier_de_sardan_enjeux_scientifiques_citoyens_anthropologie_2015.pdf
Omosa, O., Archibald, T., Niewolny, K., Stephenson, M., & Anderson, J. (2021). Towards defining and advancing ‘Made in Africa Evaluation’. African Evaluation Journal / Journal Africain d’Évaluation, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/aej.v9i1.564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/aej.v9i1.564
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2005). Déclaration de Paris sur l’efficacité de l’aide au développement. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264098091-fr DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264098091-fr
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). Une application réfléchie des critères d’évaluation. OECD Publishing. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/716baf6e-fr DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/716baf6e-fr
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods : integrating theory and practice (Fourth edition). SAGE.
Pilon, M., Centre français sur la population et le développement, & Nations Unies Commission de la population et du développement. (2006). Défis du développement en Afrique subsaharienne : l’éducation en jeu. CEPED.
Popper, K. R. (1984). Post-scriptum à la logique de la découverte scientifique.
Republic of Rwanda, Ministry of Health. (2022). Rwanda essential medicines list 2022. World Health Organization. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/essential-medicines/national-essential-medicines-lists-(neml)/afro_neml/rwanda-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=134cc7ef_5&download=true
Rey, L., Quesnel, J. S., & Sauvain, V. (2022). L’ Evaluation en Contexte de Developpement : Enjeux, Approches et Pratiques. Editions Jean-Francois Dery. https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/PublicFullRecord.aspx?p=30214380
Sabbi, M., & Ndikubwimana, J. B. (2024). Innovating Imihigo: a decentralisation and indigenous governance mechanism in Rwanda. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, 58(2), 349–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2024.2358138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2024.2358138
Santos, B. d. S. (2018). The end of the cognitive empire : the coming of age of epistemologies of the South. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781478002000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478002000
Secrétariat sur la conduite responsable de la recherche (Canada), Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada, Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada, & Conseil de recherches en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada. (2022). Énoncé de politique des trois conseils : éthique de la recherche avec des êtres humains. Secrétariat sur la conduite responsable de la recherche. http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=damspub&id=f6e74da0-7d45-487b-b13a-6a8a11abe1eb
Selwyn, N., & Bulfin, S. (2016). Exploring school regulation of students’ technology use - rules that are made to be broken? Educational Review, 68(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2015.1090401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2015.1090401
Sen, A. K. (2009). The idea of justice. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Smith, L. T. (2021). Decolonizing methodologies : research and indigenous peoples (Third edition). Zed Books. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350225282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350225282
Stone, D. A. (2012). Policy paradox : the art of political decision making (Third edition). W.W. Norton & Company.
Thomson, M. C., Ukawuba, I., Hershey, C. L., Bennett, A., Ceccato, P., Lyon, B., & Dinku, T. (2017). Using Rainfall and Temperature Data in the Evaluation of National Malaria Control Programs in Africa. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 97(3_Suppl), 32–45. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0696
Troude-Chastenet, P. (2018). Fake news et post-vérité. De l’extension de la propagande au Royaume-Uni, aux États-Unis et en France. Quaderni, 96(2), 87. https://doi.org/10.4000/quaderni.1180 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/quaderni.1180
Tsfati, Y., Boomgaarden, H. G., Strömbäck, J., Vliegenthart, R., Damstra, A., & Lindgren, E. (2020). Causes and consequences of mainstream media dissemination of fake news: literature review and synthesis. Annals of the International Communication Association, 44(2), 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2020.1759443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2020.1759443
Yanguas, P., & Bukenya, B. (2016). ‘New’ approaches confront ‘old’ challenges in African public sector reform. Third World Quarterly, 37(1), 136–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1086635 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1086635
Zwingel, S. (2012). How Do Norms Travel? Theorizing International Women’s Rights in Transnational Perspective1. International Studies Quarterly, 56(1), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00701.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00701.x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Zanfongnon Serge Eric Migan

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors contributing to The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation agree to release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 (CC-BY-NC) license. This licence allows this work to be copied, distributed, remixed, transformed, and built upon for any purpose provided that appropriate attribution is given, a link is provided to the license, and changes made were indicated.
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal right of first publication.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.


