Community Consultation and Indigenous Practices to Inform Harm Reduction Education
Practical “How-to” Considerations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18357/cjpe.2026.40.1.22Keywords:
harm reduction education, community consultation, Indigenous approaches to evaluation, people with lived and living experience (PWLLE), culturally safe evaluation, healthcare educationAbstract
This practice note outlines a learning journey in which the principle “nothing about us without us” emerged as a guiding value in the development of harm reduction education. Initially, Indigenous stakeholders were not involved in the design of the community consultation; however, their later engagement significantly shaped the project. Our experience highlights how initial uncertainty around culturally appropriate consultation strategies can complicate implementation. By addressing and learning from these challenges, educational developers can better support training that prioritizes the needs of people with lived and living experiences (PWLLE) with substance use and that centers them as ultimate program beneficiaries. This practice note highlights our community consultation process, which ultimately involved Indigenous knowledge keepers and PWLLE with substance use, and how it informed the development of harm reduction education for healthcare providers. Lessons learned and incidental benefits are discussed.
References
Bremner, L. K., Johnston, A. L. K., Rowe, G., & Sasakamoose, J. (2020). Exploring Indigenous approaches to evaluation and research in the context of victim services and supports. Department of Justice, Canada. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2021/jus/J2-495-2020-eng.pdf
Canadian Mental Health Association. (n.d.). Harm reduction. https://ontario.cmha.ca/harm-reduction/
First Nations Health Authority. (n.d.). Policy on Harm Reduction: Indigenous Harm Reduction. https://www.fnha.ca/Documents/FNHA-harm-reduction-policy-statement.pdf
Fry, C. L., Khoshnood, K., Power, R., & Sharma, M. (2008). Harm reduction ethics: Acknowledging the values and beliefs behind our actions. International Journal of Drug Policy, 19(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.12.001
James, T., & Pittaway, E. (n.d.) Community Consultation Skills: Considerations for the planning of community consultations. Centre for Refugee Research University of New South Wales. https://www.arts.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/documents/Final_UNHCR_Community_Con sultation_Skills.pdf
MacLean, R. & Prisciak, D. (2023, October 2). Sask. First Nation threatens to evict residents of suspected drug houses. CTV News. https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/sask-first-nation-threatens-to-evict-residents-of-suspected-drug-houses-1.6586004
Magwood, O., Salvalaggio, G., Beder, M., Kendall, C., Kpade, V., Daghmach, W., Habonimana, G., Marshall, Z., Snyder, E., O’Shea, T., Lennox, R., Hsu, H., Tugwell, P., & Pottie, K. (2020). The effectiveness of substance use interventions for homeless and vulnerably housed persons: A systematic review of systematic reviews on supervised consumption facilities, managed alcohol programs, and pharmacological agents for opioid use disorder. PloS One, 15(1), e0227298. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227298 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227298
Sasakamoose, J., Bellegarde, T., Sutherland, W., Shauneen, P., & McKay-McNabb, K. (2017). Miýo-pimātisiwin developing Indigenous cultural responsiveness theory (ICRT): Improving Indigenous health and well-being. International Indigenous Policy Journal. 8(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2017.8.4.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2017.8.4.1
Smye, V., Browne, A. J., Josewski, V., Keith, B., & Mussell, W. (2023). Social suffering: Indigenous peoples’ experiences of accessing mental health and substance use services. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043288
Statistics Canada. (2022). Focus on geography series, 2021 census: Saskatchewan. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/fogs-spg/page.cfm?lang=E&topic=8&dguid=2021A000247
Ti, L., Tzemis, D., & Buxton, J. A. (2012). Engaging people who use drugs in policy and program development: A review of the literature. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, 7(1), Article 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-7-47 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-7-47
Tonin, F. S., Alves da Costa, F., & Fernandez-Llimos, F. (2024). Impact of harm minimization interventions on reducing blood-borne infection transmission and some injecting behaviors among people who inject drugs: an overview and evidence gap mapping. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 19(1), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-024-00439-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-024-00439-9
Tran, M. T. N., & Luong, Q. H. (2022). Community harm reduction initiatives: Essential investments for illicit drug prevention and control in the future. The Lancet Regional Health. Western Pacific, 18, Article 100373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100373
World Health Organization. (n.d.). People who inject drugs. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/populations/people-who-inject-drugs
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Brianna Groot, Jannica Hoskins, Brandi Abele, Katelyn Halpape

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors contributing to The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation agree to release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 (CC-BY-NC) license. This licence allows this work to be copied, distributed, remixed, transformed, and built upon for any purpose provided that appropriate attribution is given, a link is provided to the license, and changes made were indicated.
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal right of first publication.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.


